The New Asian Immigrants

• Since WWII and the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, Asian Americans have benefited most from all the changes than any other group.  Asian Americans were part of a general trend toward a more egalitarian society.  The first positive changed in the law occured in 1943 which shifted the attitudes toward Chinese allies.  Lastly, because they were model minorities their acceptance hastened, hence Blacks and Hispanics who didn't achieve as much as the Asian Americans did. (pg. 350)
• Some characteristics that lead Asian Americans to becoming model minorities are: they were younger than the average American, had fewer children, were less likely to be unemployed or in jail, and more likely to get higher education than the average American.  These are characteristics I believe still hold truth today.  (pg. 351-352)
• The silent Chinese of San Francisco was founded from data that showed conditions in San Francisco's inner-city Chinatown, which was far from model.  In Chinatown the unemployment rate was doubled that of the city average, 2/3 of the living quarters were substandard, and tuberculosis rates were six times that national average.  Still today Chinatown seems to be the same way.  It is a highly populated area, many Chinese immigrants reside there, and have their own businesses there.  When I go to Chinatown I always notice that many of the Asian population don't seem to give in to material things aside from seeing Gucci and LV bags.  I notice that many times grandmas are the caretakers of younger children and they hold them in cloth like carriers and I see that many of the people in Chinatown also hang dry their clothes.  (Just a quick thought) ABC stands for American-born Chinese.  These ABC's tend to be college educated, have middle-class occupations, and live in integrated or somewhat integrated housing outside of the inner-city Chinatown.  I noticed that in San Francisco today many Chinese Americans highly populate the Richmond District and Sunset District, while the other few live around Visitacion Valley and Bayview District.  This is just something I've seen from being in different districts of San Francisco, but I know that the Chinese American community is all around San Francisco and don't just reside in one area.  FOB stands for fresh-off-the-boat recent immigrants, hence many of them arrive on planes.  FOB's are recent immigrants who are poorly edecated and deficient in English.  This group tends to work in low paid service trades, such as laundromats, restaurants, and sweatshops.  When I worked at L&L Hawaiian BBQ in High School the owners were Chinese from Hawaiia, they didn't speak English too well, but hired many Chinese immigrants to work as cooks and paid them only $8 an hour, all of them worked from open to close as well.  (pg. 354-355)
• Three distinct incriments of Filipino immigration are as followed from my understanding: shortly after the annexcation of the Phillipines in 1898 came groups of students, in the 1920s and early 1930s came farm workers who filled the same kind of jobs in Far Western agriculture, and after 1965 educated and upwardly mobile professional, and entrepreneurs Filipino immigrants came.  An interesting immigration fact about the increase of female immigrants is that in 1960 just 37% were female and by 1980 nearly 52% were female.  (pg. 356)
• Filipinos dominate the nurse field and medican personnel fields.  Two-thirds of recent immigrants have been professionals most notably nurses and other medican personnel.  In the 1970s 50 nursing schools in the Phillipines graduated about 2,000 nurses annually.  Atleast 20% of those graduating nurses migrated to the United States where there was a shortage of trained nurses especially those willing to work long and uncomfortable hours that were being demanded by public hospitals, those hospitals provided these newly graduates immediate work.  An interesting though that Daniels brought up was that if all foreign medical personnel were to be removed, medical facilities would not be able to continue.  This question was helpful in giving me a new outlook and explanation on why I have always seen many Filipino nurses in hospitals.  (pg. 359)
• The Koreans who came before the 1965 Immigration Act were almost all of the 800,000 contemporary Korean Americans were either from post-Korean War immigrants or their descendants.  In the 1930s there were fewer than 9,000 with about three quarters in Hawaii.  After the Korean War many Korean women came to the United States as war brides, almost all of them married to non-Asian-American servicemen.  Daniels mentions a unique aspect of early Korean immigrants to be traditionally Buddhist, which were recent converts to Christianity, usually Protestant Christianity.  (pg. 364-365) Other categories of Koreans were Peace Corps volunteers and other American citizens.  (pg. 366)
• A commonality between Indian and Korean immigrants "Like the Asian Indians of Gadar, or various Irish American organizations harking back to the Fenian movement of the post-Civil War era, the Koreans were sometimes violent." (Daniels, 365)
• Vietnamese immigrants differ from other recent Asian immigrants because many of them have been poorly equipped for life in urban society.  Vietnamese immigrats are mostly "push" immigrants rather than "pull" immigrants.  If they had not been refugees most of them would not have qualified for admission.  Vietnamese persons have no long history of immigration to the United States.  As war had become worse, more Vietnamese came to the United States.  In the 1980 census, 245,000 Vietnamese were post-1974 arrivals.  They do not resemble the model minority because they are the more traditional disadvantaged minority group.  They are young, not educated, and poor.  (pg. 368-369)
• The total number of Vietnamese War refugees and their children by 1990 in the United States will exceed 1.25 million.  The nationalities included are: Vietnamese, Laotians, Hmong, and Cambodians. (pg. 368)
• The following are accounts for the differences in the population growth between the Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Korean, and Vietnamese since 1965: The Chinese were beneficiaries of the general trend toward a more egilitarian society, the 1965 Immigration Act also benefited them, and they were model minorities.  In the years after 1952 there was a heavily female immigration of Japanese.  40,000 of them were female and the majority of them married non-Japanese soldiers and former soldiers.  The immigration of Japanese would have been more heavy if the doors would have opened after the war, but when the 1965 Immigration Act passed few Japanese wanted to emigrate.  The economic motive to emigrate was no longer urgent for most Japanese.  Japanese immigration slowed after 1960.  Whereas the Chinese population in the United States has increased every decade.  In 1960 just 37% were female Filipino immigrants, but the numbers greatly increased after 1980.  It was only until 1946 that Filipino's were aliens ineligible to citizenship.  In 1946 Filipino were made eligible for naturalization and the islands' quota was doubled to one hundred annually.  Filipinos were mostly nonquota immigrants.  In 1963 for example, 3,618 Filipino immigrants were recorded.  (pg. 358) Since 1965 Filipinos have been the largest or second largest nationality immigrating.  From looking at Table 14.2 on pg. 359 the Filipino immigration since 1960 has only been increasing.  In 1960 a total of 181,614 were in the United States and in 1990 there were 1,419,711 Filipinos in the United States.  The Asian Indians differ from the others because most of them came to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a few thousand of the 600,000 at then end of the 1980s post-World War II immigrants and the vast majority came since 1965.  From looking at the table on page 363 the Asian Indians immigration wasn't as high as the other populations.  In 1970 there were a total of 75,000 in the United States and in 1990 there were 815,447.  Significantly from 1948-1965 most of the Asian Indians entered the United States as nonquota immigrants.  During the 1960s most of the Korean immigrants were women.  The 1965 Immigration Act set off the same kinds of Korean immigration chains as have been seen upon for other groups.  The numbers from 1970 to 1990 are somewhat similar to the Asian Indians.  There were 69,150 Koreans in the United States in 1970 to 798,849 Koreans in 1990.  Lastly, in the 1950s Vietnamese came as students to the United States to escape communism.  In the 1970s there were a little under 10,000 Vietnamese immigrants in the United States.  The numbers of Vietnamese immigration become higher in 1975 when most war refugees began to come. 
  
  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qohGn7vM0c
  An interesting video on The Immigration Act of 1965.
  "Traditionally immigrants have migrated to the major population centers where they join large established immigrant communities, but in recent years many smaller towns and less popular states have been transformed by immigration."
• Touches on how cities have been changed by immigration and the large numbers of different persons of various cultural backgrounds settling in communities, specifically Nebraska.